The Destruction of the Individual in A Brave New World by...

People are defined by the morals they uphold. People become individuals through interpretations of their teachings. In Brave New World by Aldous Huxley, John’s morals define him as an individual; his actions are based on what he believes is right. The teachings John receives allow him room for analysis, his interpretation defines who his is. By contrast, the teachings of the New World allow little deviation in its members interpretation. The New world destroys the individualism of its members and causes them to become, rather than individuals, a blank mass of people all part of the same figurative organism which is their government. John represents the benefits and downfalls of individualism in comparison to the New World which has its people define themselves as a community rather than as individuals. John is an example of individualism while Lenina is an example of a member of the New World. Both Lenina and John ultimately give into their individualism and end up worse off for it; the message of the novel is then that people are better off identifying themselves as a community, rather than as individuals. John forms many of his morals from his analysis of Shakespeare and the way in which he acts those morals is what defines him as an individual. John’s individualism proves detrimental to him and shows that although individualism gives people more freedom, it is not always what’s best for them. John’s analysis of a passage from Hamlet leads him to violence against hisShow MoreRelated The Application of Utopia in Brave New World Essay1190 Words   |  5 PagesThe Application of Utopia in Brave New World      Ã‚   Aldous Huxleys Brave New World illustrates the loss of morality when established standards are replaced by amoral criteria.   In his novel, Huxley criticizes the practical applications of Utopia in actual society. Huxleys depiction of love, science, and religion support the ineffectiveness of implementing Utopia in everyday life.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Brave New World, Huxley shows contempt for the human emotion of love.  Read MoreHuxley V. Orwell1015 Words   |  5 PagesBrave New World v. 1984 June 8, 2011 It is no question that both Huxley and Orwell were displeased with our societal norms by their predictions in Brave New World and 1984. However, the two famous novels could not have differed more in their visions of tomorrow. Huxley portrays a nation of pleasure addicted, mindless beings merely existing. Orwell illustrated such a strict regime that the pursuit of knowledge would be banned and our voices would be silenced. Imagine living in a world withoutRead MoreBrave New World By Aldous Huxley919 Words   |  4 Pages In Brave New World, by Aldous Huxley, the social boundaries that we have today regarding sex does not exist, families are obsolete as citizens are made in Bokanovsky’s Process (one that does not require sex meaning, the need for parents is gone), and the government conditions their citizens from early ages to keep stability throughout its regime. Brave New World follows protagonist Bernard (and his hidden love for nature and struggle for freedom) through this society, revealing all of it’s gloryRead More Huxleys Brave New World Essay examples1220 Words   |  5 PagesHuxleys Brave New World Today, in 21st century United States, people are concerned with the fast pace of new and growing technology, and how these advances should be used. In the last decade alone we have seen major advancements in technology; in science, cloning has become a reality, newer, more powerful drugs have been invented and, in communications, the Internet has dominated society. There is a cultural lag due to the fast rate of increasing technology, and while the governmentsRead MoreAnalysis Of Aldous Huxley s Brave New World908 Words   |  4 PagesHistory is bunk... (Huxley, 34). Introducing the historical forces that directed the creation of the dystopia, Huxley delivers this quote through World Controller Mustapha Mond, which seems to contradict Henry Ford due to Ford originally stating it himself. Mond continues to lecture the students with enthusiasm and aspect on the self-destruction of the world of the reader and the construction of the World State, the only option to bedlam. In doing so, Huxley outlines the angst-ridden demise ofRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Consumerism In The Brave New World1050 Words   |  5 Pagesseems to be a perfect world but when you srtach beneath the surface you see a ugly under belly Hook Imagine a world where happiness is quite literally a finger’s grasp away. But this apparent utopia hides an ugly underbelly where people are controlled through soma and condition. In the brave new world we see characters who represent metaphors for the sort of people we know in our present day society Brave New World envisions a future totalitarian society in which individual liberty has been usurpedRead MoreCriticism of Practical Application of Utopia in Brave New World1192 Words   |  5 PagesUtopia in Brave New World Debra Ackerman Mrs. Eileen Waite Criticism of Practical Application of Utopia in Brave New World Aldous Huxleys Brave New World illustrates the loss of morality when established standards are replaced by amoral criteria. In his novel, Huxley criticizes the practical applications of Utopia in actual society. Huxleys depiction of love, science, and religion support the ineffectiveness of implementing Utopia in everyday life. In Brave New World, Huxley shows contemptRead MoreAldous Huxley s Brave New World2041 Words   |  9 Pagesto change the world. But I have found that the only thing one can be sure of changing is oneself†- Aldous Huxley. Throughout Aldous Huxley’s life he encountered malicious experiences that changed him drastically. He found out that he was a great writer through the dreadful and exceptional events in his life. 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A Brief Note On X Ray Vision Goggles - 1861 Words

Abstract MRI’s today are the solution to X-Rays by having radio waves go back and forth transmitting signals that allow Doctors to see inside the human body. There are not many downsides of MRI’s, however MRI’s do not fit in the average waiting room by being circular tube like machines that take about 1 hour to produce a clear image of a patient’s problem. MRI’s are great when it comes to mental disabilities but when it comes to broken bones, it is too time consuming to wait in the machine for an hour to find out about a torn ligament or broken bone in a patient’s body. A new vision will take away the harmless effects of an MRI but also have it for every day needs in a doctor’s office. X-Ray Vision goggles would allow a doctor to see a patient’s broken bone or ligaments without effects of X-rays. Present Technology Wilhelm Rontgen, a German physicist, had multiple experiments in 1895 he and found a type of radiation which he labelled as the letter X, because he did not know what it was. His X-rays were soon discovered by Doctors which primarily used them to look inside the human body. One original component that has not changed since has been how they are developed and made. X-Ray’s are used to generate pictures that show the inside of the human body such as finding broken bones. In Otto Zhou of the University of North Carolina, Dr Zhou and his colleagues are bringing X-radiography into the world of modern electronics. In doing so, there is a hope to create X-rayShow MoreRelatedEod Team Leader Certs Essay41737 Words   |  167 PagesVehicles 3-36 093-89D-1189 Employ Remote Firing Device 3-37 093-89D-1221 Employ Mine Detecting Set 3-38 093-89D-1361 Perform Monitoring for Radiological Contamination 3-40 093-89D-1401 Employ ECM Equipment 3-41 093-89D-1477 Employ Radiographic (X-ray) Equipment 3-42 093-89D-1600 Employ Precision Weapons for SMUD Operations 3-44 Subject Area 4: Basic EOD Procedures 093-89D-1099 Employ the Automated Explosive Ordnance Disposal Publications Set (AEODPS) 3-45 093-89D-1139 Perform External FuzeRead MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 Pagespaper) ISBN-10: 0-13-214632-0 (alk. paper) 1. Management information systems. I. Brown, Carol V. (Carol Vanderbilt), 1945T58.6.M3568 2012 658.4038011—dc22 2010048598 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN 10: 0-13-214632-0 ISBN 13: 978-0-13-214632-6 BRIEF CONTENTS Chapter 1 Managing IT in a Digital World PART I Information Technology Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 1 17 Computer Systems 19 Telecommunications and Networking The Data Resource 95 60 PART II Applying InformationRead MoreSecurity Forces51988 Words   |  208 Pagesearliest stage possible. Effective detection is accomplished through a combination of means to include: Maintaining a consistent intelligence and liaison network. Posting force positions to enhance detection, such as sensors, thermal imagers, night vision equipment, LP/OPs, and military working dog teams. Patrolling (reconnaissance and combat). Reporting. Once the enemy is detected, it is reported up the chain of command in the form of a SALUTE report (size, activity, location, unit/uniform, time,Read MoreMK19 TM 230 23 P Aug 2012 05968688410 Words   |  354 Pagesthe material will cause burns or irritation to human skin or tissue. EXPLOSION - Rapidly expanding symbol shows that the material may explode if subjected to high temperatures, sources of ignition, or high pressure. EYE PROTECTION - person with goggles shows that the material will injure the eyes. FIRE - Flame shows that a material may ignite and cause burns. VAPOR - Human figure in a cloud shows that material vapors present a danger to life or health. d 03/15/2011 Rel(1.8) root(warnsum) wpno(F00103)Read MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pagesor for customer service please, call 1-800-CALL WILEY (225-5945). DeCenzo, David A, Robbins, Stephen P. Fundamentals of Human Resource Management—10th ed. ISBN-13 978-0470-16968-1 Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Brief Contents PA RT 1 Chapter 1 Chapter 2 UNDERSTANDING HRM The Dynamic Environment of HRM 2 Fundamentals of Strategic HRM 28 PART 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 THE LEGAL AND ETHICAL CONTEXT OF HRM Equal Employment Opportunity 56 Employee Rights andRead MoreMarketing Management 14th Edition Test Bank Kotler Test Bank173911 Words   |  696 Pagesever exist, (4) declining demand—this will occur when something better and more convenient is invented, (5) irregular demand—the consumer perceives a need for eye care devices only periodically, possibly when they begin to have trouble with their vision, (6) full demand—the manufacturers of the lenses are making all they possibly can, (7) overfull demand—the manufacturers of the lenses cant make enough and inventories are low, and (8) unwholesome demand—seeking alternatives that can lead to undesirable

Touching Essays Free Essays

Idiom| Explanation + Example | 1)| Don’t give up the day job. | You are not very good at that. You could definitely not do it professionally. We will write a custom essay sample on Touching Essays or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"I really like the way you sing, but don’t give up your day job. | 2)| Cash cow. | An easy way to earn money regularly. â€Å"Income tax is a real cash cow for the government. † | 3)| Bite off more than you can chew. | Trying to do something that is too difficult or time consuming to finish. â€Å"I’m glad you want to prepare the report by yourself. Just be sure that you don’t bite off more than you can chew. † | 4)| Clear the air| Discuss something that was causing people to feel upset. There seems to have been a misunderstanding. I’d like to explain what happened, just to clear the air. † | 5)| Turn your back on| Give up on, or abandon. â€Å"I needed your help but you just turned your back on me† | 6)| Not cut out for| Not suitable for something. â€Å"He tried mountain climbing, but he simply was not cut out for it. † | 7)| Scrape the bottom of the barrel| The very last, or the very worst. â€Å"These are the l ast volunteers we could find. We really had to scrape the bottom of the barrel to find them. † | 8)| A class act| Sophisticated, above average. â€Å"He offered to help, even though he doesn’t know me. He’s a real class act. † | 9)| Clean up your act| Improve your behavior. â€Å"If you are ever going to improve your English skills, you must start getting in to class on time and doing your homework. Why don’t you clean up your act? † | 10)| Get your act together| Get more organized. â€Å"You have been late for work every day this week. If you want to keep this job, you must get your act together. † | 11)| A piece of the action| Participation in an activity. â€Å"I heard that you are looking for partners in your new investment. If you don’t mind, I would like to get in on a piece of the action. † | 12)| Actions speak louder than words. People’s intentions can be judged better by what they do than what they say. â€Å"Why don’t you give her a hug instead of saying you are sorry, actions speak louder than words. † | 13)| In the air| Being discussed, generally obvious. â€Å"The days are getting longer and the flow ers are blooming. Spring is in the air. † | 14)| Go ape| Go crazy. â€Å"Jack was really angry. I thought he was going to go ape. † | 15)| A grey area| Something that is difficult to define. â€Å"I researched your case, but there are not any black and white answers. Your situation seems to fall into a grey area. † | 16)| Up in arms| Angry. The crows was agitated. Everyone was up in arms over the government decision. † | 17)| Be glad to see the back of| Be happy when a person leaves. â€Å"That guy bothers me, I’ll be glad to see the back of him. † | 18)| Give him/her credit| Acknowledge an achievement or contribution of a person. â€Å"Although he is not easy to work for, you have to give him credit for managing the company well. † | 19)| Go behind someone’s back| Do something without telling someone. â€Å"Don’t trust Jane. She acts friendly but she’s always going behind someone’s back. † | 20)| Each to his own| Everyone is entitled to his own individual opinion. I can’t say that I like George’s new furniture. It seems very plain and uncomfortable. Oh well, each to his own. † | 21)| Eager beaver| Enthusiastic person. â€Å"John did all of his homework before supper. He sure is an eager beaver. † | 22)| Early bird| A person who is early, or gets up early. â€Å"Dave was in class 30 minutes before anyone else. What an early bird. † | 23)| Scratch the surface| Examine only a part of something. Uncover only a few facts about something â€Å"Cancer research is a very long-term process. So far, we have just begun to scratch the surface. † | 24)| Give him the slip| Leave him. Hide from him. â€Å"I think that man is following us. Let’s give him the slip. † | 25)| Cold shoulder| To treat someone in an unfriendly manner. â€Å"I don’t think Jim likes me. I tried to speak with him but he gave me the cold shoulder. † | 26)| Get the ball rolling| Start something. â€Å"All right everyone, we spent a lot of time planning this project. Now, it’s time to get the ball rolling. † | 27)| Jump on the bandwagon| Join a popular trend or activity. â€Å"I like that new procedure and I’ve decided to jump on the bandwagon. † | 28)| A losing battle| Something that cannot be accomplished. I’ve tried fixing this phone many times, I just can’t do it by myself. It’s a losing battle. † | 29)| Keep something at bay| Keep something away. â€Å"Sarah found it difficult to keep the salesperson at bay. † | 30)| Spill the beans| Tell a secret. â€Å"I won’t be the one to spill the beans. † | 31)| Beggars can’t be choosers| People cannot complain about something they get for free. â€Å"I don’t like the color of the sweater she gave me, but beggars can’t be choosers. † | 32)| Flesh and blood| A relative. â€Å"I must help him. After all, he’s my own flesh and blood. † | 33)| Give the benefit of the doubt| Believe someone’s statement, without proof. The teacher’s explanation did not seem logical, but I gave her the benefit of the doubt. † | 34)| A safe bet| Probably true. Will probably happen. â€Å"It’s a safe bet that your English skills improve quickly if you study at Elanguest. † | 35)| Fit the bill| Seems correct. â€Å"That seems to fit the bill. I’ll take it. † | 36)| Black and blue| Bruised. â€Å"He was beaten until he was black and blue. † | 37)| In cold blood| With no compassion or mercy. Usually associated with ruthless murder. â€Å"The assassin was ev il. He killed him in cold blood. † | 38)| Out of the blue| Unexpected. â€Å"A great idea just came to me out of the blue. † | 9)| Call someone’s bluff| Make someone prove what they say. â€Å"He implied that he would terminate my contract, but I called his bluff. † | 40)| Rock the boat| Create problems for other people. Everyone likes Anthony. He doesn’t rock the boat. † | 41)| By the book| Doing something according to rules. â€Å"He’s a good cop. He does everything by the book. † | 42)| Give someone the boot| Dismiss or get rid of someone. â€Å"Mr. Smith is an easy boss to work for. He doesn’t like to give someone the boot. † | 43)| Get to the bottom of| Learn about and understand fully. â€Å"We are not sure what happened, but we intend to get to the bottom of this. | 44)| Out of bounds| Not permitted. â€Å"Hans wanted to ask Mary out on a date, but I explained that she is out of bounds. Mary is engaged to J ack. † | 45)| Bread and butter| Regular income. â€Å"We are very dependent on our advertising revenue. It’s our bread and butter. † | 46)| The best thing since sliced bread| A good invention or innovation. â€Å"I love this paper folding machine. It’s the best thing since sliced bread. † | 47)| Give me a break| Don’t expect me to believe or agree with that. â€Å"You think the teacher is joking? Give me a break. † | 48)| Don’t hold your breath| Don’t wait too long because it might not happen. Yes, it’s possible that they will lower taxes, but don’t hold your breath. † | 49)| Cross that bridge when you come to it| Deal with a problem if and when it becomes necessary, not before. â€Å"I’m not too wirried about a possible downturn in the economy. Anyway, let’s cross that bridge when we come to it. † | 50)| The bubble has burst| A previously positive situation has encountered a serio us problem. â€Å"Last year, the stock market was doing very well. Unfortunately, it seems that the bubble has burst. † | 51)| The buck stops here| Problems are resloved here. â€Å"A lot of people try to pass problems to other people. At my desk, however, the buck stops here. † | 52)| Burn your bridges| make it impossible to return. â€Å"Be polite when you hand in your resignation. After all, you don’t want to burn your bridges. † | 53)| My ears are burning| I think someone is saying something about me. â€Å"Pierre is talking again. My ears are burning. † | 54)| Put on the back burner| Leave it for later. â€Å"I don’t think we’ll have time to complete it this year. Let’s put it on the back burner. † | 55)| Someone means business| Someone is serious â€Å"Watch out for Harry. He’s someone who means business. † | 56)| At the touch of a button| Quickly and easily. â€Å"No problem. I can change your account information at the touch a button. † | 57)| Have your cake and eat it| Enjoy something without paying for it. â€Å"He expected to pass without studying. Unfortunately, you cannot have your cake and eat it, too. † | 58)| A close call| Something (usually bad) almost happening. â€Å"That car almost hit us. That was a close call. † | 59)| Enough is enough| This should stop. â€Å"I have listened to his complaints for years but enough is enough. † | 60)| A fat cat| A wealthy person. â€Å"He has everything he needs. He’s a real fat cat. † | 61)| My two cents worth| My humble opinion. â€Å"He seems like a corrupt politician. That’s just my two cent’s worth. † | 62)| Hang out| Be together, spend time with each other. â€Å"Hey Lauren, let’s get together tonight, we can just hang out and practice our English. † | 63)| A change of heart| A changed opinion. â€Å"At one time, I supported George Bush. As time went on, however, I had a change of heart. † | 64)| Get something off your chest| Explain something that is bothering you. â€Å"Gary, you don’t seem happy. Is there something you would like to get off your chest? † | 65)| Don’t count your chickens before the eggs have hatched| Don’t make plans for something that might not happen. Yes, I think we will probably get a raise in pay this year. Remember, though, don’t count your chickens before the eggs have hatched. † | 66)| A chip on his shoulder| He is angry about something. â€Å"I don’t know why he’s so unhappy. He seems to have a chip on his shoulder. † | 67)| Come full circle| A process has been completed. â€Å"The salmon has returned to the place where it originally hatched. Its life cycle has come full circle. † | 68)| Squeaky clean| Legitimate and proper. â€Å"We checked all of her references. She’s squeaky clean. † | 69)| In the clear| Out of trouble. â€Å"His innocence has been proven. He’s in the clear. | 70)| Steer clear of| Avoid. â€Å"She’s not very nice. I think we should steer clear of her. † | 71)| Round the clock| All day. â€Å"She’s a very hard worker. She usually works around the clock. † | 72)| Turn back the clock| Go back in time. â€Å"I feel old. I wish I could turn back the clock. † | 73)| Like clockwork| With mechanical efficiency. â€Å"He’s very predictable. He always eats at the same time, like clockwork. † | 74)| Wake up and smell the coffee| Think more realistically. â€Å"He doesn not respect you as much as you think. W ake up and smell the coffee. † | 75)| The other side of the coin| Another version of a story or event. The global summit will encourage meaningfull dialogue. On the other side of the coin, it might result in violent protests. † | 76)| Left out in the cold| Left unaided or unprotected. â€Å"They don’t include me in their group. I feel left out in the cold. † | 77)| With flying colors| With enthusiasm and exuberance. â€Å"I can’t wait to see you all. I’ll be there with flying colors. † | 78)| Scrape by| Have just enough but not more. â€Å"Our budget is not satisfactory but we will find a way to scrape by. † | 79)| A tough cookie| A stubborn, strong person. â€Å"Don’t get Shirley upset. She’s a tough cookie. † | 80)| Keep your cool| Don’t become upset. Relax, keep your cool. † | 81)| Lose your cool| Become upset. â€Å"Don’t get upset. If you lose your cool, it will make matters worse. à ¢â‚¬  | 82)| In a tight corner| Without any good options. â€Å"Milo has run out of options. If he takes any more chance, he might find himself in a tight corner. † | 83)| A couch potato| A lazy person. â€Å"Luis just watches tv all day. He really is a couch potato. † | 84)| Takes its course| A situation develops naturally. â€Å"There is nothing we can do to relieve the effects of her disease. We can only wait and let the illness take its course. † | 85)| Up the creek| In trouble. â€Å"I warned Bill but he would not listen. Now, he’s up the creek. † | 86)| Crocodile tears| Exaggerated or faked sympathy. â€Å"She told me she was sorry but she was not, it was just crocodile tears. † | 87)| When it comes to the crunch| When there are no more possibilities. â€Å"Victor seems to have a casual point of view. When it comes to the crunch, though, he is a real professional. † | 88)| A far cry from| Very different from. â€Å"His personality is a far cry from his father’s. † | 89)| Off-the-cuff| Without research, planning, or considering. â€Å"I haven’t had the time to think about it. My off-the-cuff impression, however, is that it is a good idea. | 90)| Can’t cut it| Cannot do it. â€Å"Kim shouldn’t be working here. She just can’t cut it. † | 91)| In the dark| Ignorant. â€Å"They didn’t tell me anything. I felt like they had left me in the dark. † | 92)| A shot in the dark| A guess. â€Å"I’m not sure but I co uld take a shot in the dark. † | 93)| Call it a day| Stop. â€Å"I’m tired. Let’s call it a day. † | 94)| Late in the day| (Almost) too late. â€Å"The government just decided to buy new helicopters, but it seems a little late in the day to make such a decision. † | 95)| In broad daylight| Without trying to hide it. â€Å"They robbed the bank in broad daylight. † | 6)| Makes someone’s day| Make someone happy. â€Å"Your letter made my day! † | 97)| Wouldn’t be caught dead| Would never. â€Å"I hate that dress. I wouldn’t be caught dead wearing it. † | 98)| Get a raw deal| Receives less than what is deserved. â€Å"Be sure to read the contract carefully before you sign it. You don’t want to get a raw deal. † | 99)| Runs deep| Entrenched, or ingrained. â€Å"He loves his country. Patriotism runs deep in his veins. † | 100)| Out of your depth| Beyond your existing knowledge or ability. You don’t seem to have much experience in this subject. Are you sure you’re not out of your depth? † | | How to cite Touching Essays, Essays

Importance of Corporate Social Responsibility

Question: Discsus about theImportance of Corporate Social Responsibility. Answer: Introduction: Shaukat, Qiu, and Trojanowski (2015) define Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) as the description of the general liability of an organization, firm, or a company for its suitability in sustainable management concerning the social, ecological, and economic respect. Carroll, Primo and Richter (2016) also identify it as a fundamental concept with the primary goal of helping companies integrate both environmental and social concerns into their corporate relationships and activities with stakeholders. Therefore, it determines how firms or organizations manage their business activities to impact the overall society positively. This paper discusses the importance of CSR as well as its advantages and disadvantages. Whether corporate social responsibility is based on the environment, community, human resource, or charity, it has become a standard business practice of the current world. Diemont, Moore, and Soppe (2016) points out that CSR enhances the overall reputation of every organization thus giving a sound statement in what the organization is standing for in the often competitive and dynamic business community. It thus calls for a strategy of values, policies, and procedures in place that integrates environmental, ethical, social, or consumer concerns as well as human rights into the primary strategies of business (Rehbein Fort 2015, p. 393). As a result, the business operations will effectively build a foundation for the success of the organization In their study and publication of the response of organization towards CRS strategies, Carroll, Primo and Richter (P. 68) found out that firms had different results. For instance, organizations that genuinely commits to CSR showed a substantial performance with an average of 21% higher return on asset as compared to organizations that did not. Falkenberg and Brunsl (2011) also points out that such organizations had a higher level of employee engagement and hence provided markedly better standards of customer service. The study reports that CSR encourages professional growth in addition to promoting the achievements of both the employees and the organization. Advantages of Corporate Social Responsibility According to Chernev and Blair (2015) points out that CSR improves the image of the corporation regarding their value and goodwill when its policies are properly in place. CRS thus increases the prestige of the corporation giving it a synonymous name with goodness, perfection, and reliability. Villagra et al. (2016) also report that the safe and clean image of a business organization will encourage customers to buy from the firm. It will also encourage other businesses to associated or do business with the organization due o good performance. The corporation hence becomes a major player in the market since customers do tend to associate with the best and most favorite things in the market. It increases the attraction, retention, and engagement of employees in an organization with substantial CSR commitments (Rehbein Fort 2015, p. 395). Financial assistance in times of appraisals, needs, and attention to personal achievements shows the positive and compassionate attitude towards employees and would make them want to remain in the organization. Firms that care about the wellbeing of the employees and provide them with safe working conditions find it easy retaining or recruiting employees. It is because workers will tend to desires working in organizations that treat them with dignity. Active CSR programs also reduce the hostility of regulatory authorities as it is for organizations without the programs. When the authorities feel that the institutions are complying with all its regulations, it creates leniency in support of the firm and the welfare of the employees (Villagra et al. 2016, p. 141). The authorities will only fast-track the preferences of the company, thus reducing the paperwork required in setting up beneficial projects to the community. Hsieh (2015) also points out that CSR programs create responsible environmental stewardship and give organizations positive publicity among the market competitors thus and attract more capital inflow from different sources. Disadvantages of Corporate Social Responsibility Milton Fredman, an economist, is known to be the biggest critic of CSR. He argues that CSR tends to shift the focus of organizations from their primary profit-making objective that makes it a financial entity (Rehbein Fort 2015, p. 140). According to the economist, the company use up funds for community welfare and neglects its obligations towards the shareholders instead of focusing on profit-making goals. It also hits the reputation of the organization as companies are forced to disclose any shortcoming even on their activities and products if they are found violating the CSR programs according to Hsieh (2015, p. 437). The enhancement reflects in the price of the goods which have to be ultimately paid by the customers. It consequently results from an increase in the cost of production as the CSR will often increase the organization expenditure. The CSR programs thus affect small businesses that are forced to raise their product prices to meet the increased expenses while large com panies can absorb the increase in expenditure (Chernev Blair 2015, p. 1419). The increase in the product prices consequently results to dwindling conviction of the customers as they will be made to believe that the CSR programs are good for a cause at the initial stages. However, the customers will go weary without instant results from the CSR programs when the companies fail to convince the client of a positive result with time. The impatient customers with a constant desire of being appraised tend to lose trust in the organization and will opt for another solution (Villagra et al. 2016, p. 139). Conclusion A good workforce and customer availability are the success of any business. As a result, CSR will be vital in enabling any business organization to achieve its business goals and objectives. It is thus important for an organization to embrace CSR strategies in the current competitive business world where economic, social, environmental, and ethical issues together with human rights have taken a central point in determining the long-term success of operations. Despite the disadvantages discussed above, CSR programs encourage consumers behavior and the employees performance. List of References Carroll, R, Primo, d, Richter, B 2016, 'Using item response theory to improve measurement in strategic management research: An application to Corporate Social Responsibility', Strategic Management Journal, 37, 1, pp. 66-85, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 12 May 2016. Chernev, A, Blair, S 2015, 'Doing Well by Doing Good: The Benevolent Halo of Corporate Social Responsibility', Journal Of Consumer Research, 41, 6, pp. 1412-1425, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 12 May 2016. Diemont, D, Moore, K, Soppe, A 2016, 'The Downside of Being Responsible: Corporate Social Responsibility and Tail Risk', Journal Of Business Ethics, 137, 2, pp. 213-229, Education Full Text (H.W. Wilson), EBSCOhost, viewed 30 August 2016. Falkenberg, J, Brunsl, P, 2011, Corporate Social Responsibility: A Strategic Advantage or a Strategic Necessity? Journal Of Business Ethics, 999-16. Hsieh, N 2015, 'The Social Contract Model of Corporate Purpose and Responsibility', Business Ethics Quarterly, 25, 4, pp. 433-460, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 30 August 2016. Rehbein, K, Fort, T 2015, 'Enhancing the concept of corporate diplomacy: Encompassing political, corporate social responsibility, international relations, and peace through commerce', Academy Of Management Perspectives, 29, 4, pp. 387-404, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 12 May 2016. Shaukat, A, Qiu, Y, Trojanowski, G 2016, 'Board Attributes, Corporate Social Responsibility Strategy, and Corporate Environmental and Social Performance', Journal Of Business Ethics, 135, 3, pp. 569-585, Education Full Text (H.W. Wilson), EBSCOhost, viewed 30 August 2016 Villagra, N, Crdaba, M, Ruiz San Romn, J 2016, 'Communicating Corporate Social Responsibility: re-assessment of classical theories about fit between CSR actions and corporate activities', Journal of Business Communication Society, 29, 2, pp. 133-146,

Jack Metcalf Essays - Jack Metcalf, Harriet Spanel, Metcalf

Jack Metcalf Jack Metcalf, a Washington State senator, attended the University of Washington between 1944 and 1948. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from Pacific Lutheran University in 1951 and then later in 1965-66 went back to the University of Washington. He also patriotically served his country in the armed forces between 1946 and 1947. Metcalf, a teacher and bed & breakfast owner, has a wife, Norma, and four children. Metcalf has a colorful background as a good Republican public servant. His political career began in 1958 when he received the Republican nomination for one of the Washington House of Representatives positions. Between the years of 1961 and 1965, Jack Metcalf served his state in the Washington House of Representatives. In 1964, however, he was defeated for re-election. Never a quitter, though, Metcalf ran for a Washington State senator position, and won. He served as a senator between 1967 and 1975. In 1968 and 74, Metcalf, now a seasoned politician, received the Republican nomination for the Senate. He served in the Washington Senate from 1981 to 1993. He was the Republican nominee for the United States House of Representatives in 1992. At the age of 67, he took his House of Representatives oath, and was the oldest member of the "Class of ?94." In his 1992 campaign for the Congressional seat against Democratic challenger Al Swift, he promised to limit his terms to six years in Congress. He has described himself as a "guy willing to take some kamikaze runs." Metcalf has stated a call for the restoration of the gold standard, and criticizes the Federal Reserve System. In 1994, it did not look like Metcalf was indeed going to again win the Republican nomination. He had to survive direct attacks from Republican rival Senator Tom Erwin in the primaries. He won the nomination, however, but it looked bleak for Metcalf against State Senator Harriet Spanel. However, most of her financial backing came from unions, environmentalists, and women's groups. 1994 was the wrong year to be a liberal. Although Spanel had the better funding, she was hurt by her support of the assault weapons ban and the Brady Bill. Metcalf opposed both. Another thing that helped Metcalf was his total opposition to abortion, which made him popular among conservatives. Spanel won support from San Juan County, but Metcalf won the rest of the counties in the district. Review There are three branches of the United States Government. The legislative, judicial, and the executive. Ideally, no one is more powerful than the other two. They are all equal. They all have certain powers as well as certain checks on powers. Congress is the main body of the legislative branch, and is composed of two parts: the Senate and the House of Representatives. The judicial branch consists of all of the courts in the United States, but is headed by the Supreme Court. The president is the leader of the Executive branch. In order to become a president, one must be at least 35 years of age and a natural born citizen living in the United States for 14 years. The term of office for a president is 4 years. The term of office for the Unites States House of Representative members is 2 years, while Senators enjoy 6 years in a term. In order to be in the House, you must be at least 25 years of age, for Senators the minimum age is 30. There are 100 members of the Senate, two for every state. The House of Representatives, however, has 435 members, plus one from Washington D.C., but he/she is not allowed to vote. In order for a bill to become law, it must pass the Senate, House of Representatives, and the President must sign it. If the president vetoes a bill, it is kicked back into Congress, where it may undergo revision, or simply be voted upon again. If Congress votes and both halves get a 2/3 majority, the bill is passed into law without the president being able to do anything about it. Some of the president's jobs are to be the Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces, to enforces laws, and to grant pardons to criminals. Congress sets and collects taxes, has the power to borrow money, declares war, provides for an army and a navy, creates lesser courts, and coins money. Bibliography Blough, Glen O. The Young People's Book of Science. United States of America, McGraw-Hill, ?1968, pp. 1-436. Claiborne, Robert. Word Mysteries & Histories. Boston, Houghton Mifflin Company, ?1986. pp. 2-308. "Congress." The New American Desk Encyclopedia. Volume 1, page 302. United States of America, Penguin Books Incorporated, 1989. Markoff, John. Cyberpunk. New York, Simon & Schuster, ? 1991, pp. 1-366 "Webster's New World Dictionary Second College Edition," United States of America, The World Publishing Company, ?1970.

Free Essays on Polaroid Stories

â€Å"Polaroid Stories† Polaroid Stories a story about a couple of homeless kids who hang out at a old abandoned peer on the outer most edge of the city. A ‘No-mans land where runaways seek camaraderie, refuge and escape’. Relationship is shown too mythic Roman gods and the comparison to there present life. How the need for survival added with there desires run there life and there decision making process. It is a sad story showing how the lack of the basic necessities (proper upbringing, love, responsibilities etc.) of life can lead people into great turmoil. In opinion to the actual acting and presentation of the play I was highly confused with the presentation. The introduction lost its basics requirements to get the story on the way. Throughout the play I was trying to determine who was who or if the person acting is representing the same character or not. Because the same actor switched here representation of there character. Eurydice’s message wasn’t clear. I’m still confused on why she killed her x-boyfriend at the end. She lacked in her ability to demonstrate the emotions the character is suppose to be feeling. Persephone who was the money hungry girl gave somewhat of a clear definition of what she was about. But again I didn’t feel her emotions. As for the directing style I believe the director was trying to use a new style in which he took little parts and wanted the viewer to put the the story together. Somewhat like a pulp fiction effect. I didn’t really see any order in the events that occurred. In addition I could see some of the actors waiting for there queue. I believe that was due to the inability of the lighting to hide them. This comes to the costumes and the presentation. Was the stage used properly to satisfy all viewers of the audience? I felt the left hand side was given much more importance. Except towards the end when the right hand side of the stage was used. The little gap in the... Free Essays on Polaroid Stories Free Essays on Polaroid Stories â€Å"Polaroid Stories† Polaroid Stories a story about a couple of homeless kids who hang out at a old abandoned peer on the outer most edge of the city. A ‘No-mans land where runaways seek camaraderie, refuge and escape’. Relationship is shown too mythic Roman gods and the comparison to there present life. How the need for survival added with there desires run there life and there decision making process. It is a sad story showing how the lack of the basic necessities (proper upbringing, love, responsibilities etc.) of life can lead people into great turmoil. In opinion to the actual acting and presentation of the play I was highly confused with the presentation. The introduction lost its basics requirements to get the story on the way. Throughout the play I was trying to determine who was who or if the person acting is representing the same character or not. Because the same actor switched here representation of there character. Eurydice’s message wasn’t clear. I’m still confused on why she killed her x-boyfriend at the end. She lacked in her ability to demonstrate the emotions the character is suppose to be feeling. Persephone who was the money hungry girl gave somewhat of a clear definition of what she was about. But again I didn’t feel her emotions. As for the directing style I believe the director was trying to use a new style in which he took little parts and wanted the viewer to put the the story together. Somewhat like a pulp fiction effect. I didn’t really see any order in the events that occurred. In addition I could see some of the actors waiting for there queue. I believe that was due to the inability of the lighting to hide them. This comes to the costumes and the presentation. Was the stage used properly to satisfy all viewers of the audience? I felt the left hand side was given much more importance. Except towards the end when the right hand side of the stage was used. The little gap in the...

Discussion question Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 7

Discussion question - Coursework Example The company strategy of EADS has the best shot at success for the sake of the company business as well as for the mass of people who travel by planes. The EADS strategy merely involves the creation of bigger planes so as to carry many enough passengers and for longer distances. Its latest creation can transport up to 418 passengers. This in my opinion is a functioning strategy as planes can always be made bigger and bigger with increased demand. In contrast, the Boeing Company’s strategy involves creating plane models that are relatively smaller, but faster and cheaper. The strategy would be excellent and economical for several passengers; however in terms of plain business, this plan could indeed be the company’s downfall. It is not as easy to create bigger and bigger planes as it would be to create smaller, faster, and cheaper ones. The strategy of the Boeing Company is one that can be easily taken up by several competitors and perhaps with a slight edge. This could ultimately lead to the business’ downfall in the long

Interest of Tree Growth along the Tagliamen River Statistics Project

Interest of Tree Growth along the Tagliamen River - Statistics Project Example Site A was the furthest upstream site, with the other sites following in an alphabetical order to the seventh, site G. Measurements were taken in two sessions; the first in 2005 and the second in 2010. 140 measurements were taken in each of the two sessions. The average tree height was 304.75 cm (std. dev. = 28.67), with the tallest being 407cm and the shortest 247 cm. The average trunk diameter for the 180 trees was 2.12 (std. dev. = 0.55), with the thickest being 5.0 cm and the thinnest 1.1 cm. The average number of annual growth rings was 8.38 (std. dev. = 3.38); the maximum is 20 and the minimum 3. Based on the ‘river data’, measurements of the various components of the river’s waters were done between the 65th and 90th years. The 90th year had the most measurements, with 19 (6.8%) occurring in that year. The 71st year had the least number of measurements (1, 0.4) recorded. Through the years, June and November recorded the lowest number of measurements taken ( 20, comprising 7.2% for each) while July and December recorded the highest number (26, comprising 9.3% for each). Most measurements were taken on the 1st day of any month (96, translating to 34.4%) while none were taken on the 21st and 25th days. The average depth of the water in the river was 0.389m (std. dev. = 0.147), with the deepest measurement taken at 0.782m and the shallowest 0.036m. The average discharge rate was 10.663m3/s (std. dev. = 4.203), with the highest rate reported at 22.653m3/s and the lowest at 3.751 m3/s. The research sought to investigate the research question: is there the significant positive correlation between the depth of water in the river and the rate of discharge reported? Correlation analysis was undertaken. The test hypothesis is: The Pearson correlation coefficient was statistically significant (Ï  = 0.764, p < 0.001). The null hypothesis was rejected at the 5% level of significance.  

What&apos;s the effects of obesity (debating) Research Paper

What's the effects of obesity (debating) - Research Paper Example The effects of obesity are not limited to the affected persons but affect the entire country as a whole. On an individual level, obesity has several health implications. First, Diabetes has been found to contribute to the occurrence of diabetes Mellitus. It is argued that since obesity affects the distribution of body fat, this has an effect on the metabolism of glucose. This leads to the body developing a resistance towards obesity. Secondly, obesity has been observed to cause cardiovascular problems. With the increase in body fat and tissue, the oxygen demands of the body increase. This leads to high cardiac output which in turn leads to changes in the structure of the heart to cope with the increase demand. This causes a sharp increase in blood pressure. In addition, congestive heart failure (CHF) is also caused by obesity (National Institutes of Health, 16). Thirdly, persons suffering from obesity have been observed to have sleep-breathing difficulties. It is argued that the incr ease in the amount of fat on the chest wall as well as the abdomen has a great impact on the functioning of the chest and diaphragm, thereby affecting the mechanisms of breathing. Fifth, a number of studies have shown that there is a strong link between obesity and colon and breast cancers. Diabetes has been found to cause colon cancer in men but less in women while at the causing breast cancer in women. Finally, on an economic scale, obesity has been found to have great economic effects. Specifically, the costs associated with treating diabetes and resulting complications are very high. For example, according to the National Institutes of Health (1995), the direct and indirect medical costs associated with obesity in America in 1995 were estimated to be $99.2 billion and $47.6 billion respectively. In addition, the costs associated with loss of productive

Critical Elements Of An Organizational Ethical Culture Business Essay

Critical Elements Of An Organizational Ethical Culture Business Essay The organization has achieve goals easily by the help of ethical culture. They also given support to working condition of the organization and given help to employees for proper care and respect in the organization and helps in leadership function and governed easily. Through the employees cooperation everyone can move in same way and no misunderstanding is arises in work. And easily achieved the goals. Ethics expert: Train workers on reporting misconduct Friday, January 16, 2004 Washington Business Journal By Karen E. Thuermer (an Alexandria- based freelance writer) Stuart Gilman, president of D.C.-based Ethics Resource Center (ERC), has a passion for business ethics. What is the importance of ethics in organization? The main aspects to learn that if any department member is doing misbehave with other person then the etics of culture help to remove that problem and creat good environment in the organization. So it is clear that etics helps to moderate nem style in the business and everyone is focus on work. Organizationà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s ethical foundation Friday, October 24, 2008 Memphis Business Journal by Barbara Richman The ethics is found on the time of many problem is facing by the company and every organization has same culture and no any values are run. The culture helps to moderate the own culture in the org. Like sahara co. Has own culture they shows given respect to juniors and seniors. The ethics is creat her own image in the employees mind or in society. Strategies for Improving Ethical Behaviors in Organizations April, 2006 By Gabriel Omolewu, Associate Professor of Management, Wilberforce University Today, there is a tremendous loss of confidence in corporate conduct and there is an urgent need to work towards restoring it. Although ethics education seem to produce limited evidence of changing behaviors, the commitment of management to monitor annual ethics education for all employees will produce the desired favorable results. There should be clear communication to the employees of what are honorable and expected behaviors in the organization. They must maintain and stand firm on a clear cut policy that ethical methods are the only way of doing business. The Only Solution to the Decline in Business Ethics: Ethical Managers August, 2007 By William P. Cordeiro The ethical value is helps to understand about the moral behaviour in the society and given direction to how behave to employees in the organization. It also helps to knows about the social welfare in the country and helps to knows abut the individual behaviour in the organization. The main study to knows the working condition of employees and treat equal judgement in the organization. If business ethics are in decline, the only solution is increased ethical leadership from the top. Ethical practices linked to profitability Friday, May 30, 2008 San Antonio Business Journal by Paul A. Parks To build the reputation in the market by the help of creat good behaviour and make good relation in the organization. Everyone is focus in work and run in same direction then the organisation can achieved the goals and earn high profit. The research into ethical practices and profitability shows mixed results. While there are too many variables to conclusively prove that ethical behavior leads to increased profits, the majority of studies demonstrate a statistically relevant connection. Trust, ethical behavior at core of good practices Friday, June 30, 2006 Denver Business Journal by Scott Harris Ehics can help to make good behaviour in the organization and given direction to business how to improve the efficiency of employees and organization. They also generate trust in organization must understand what honorable behaviors are before we can figure out which ones arent. If only it were that simple. Its hard when were faced with serious ethical dilemmas in our workplaces. Ethical imperatives must be in business plan Friday, April 28, 2006 San Antonio Business Journal by Glenda Vosburgh The ethical culture also help to make initiative action to make business plan easier and understood same knowledge implemented in make plans and everyone is agree to make that plan and given right decision about how to make right business plan. They also given help how to make right strategy in particular department and remove the problem. Ethical behavior fosters long-term success Friday, February 18, 2005 Jacksonville Business Journal by Paul Ellis The ethics given her own culture in the organization and everyone is move in same direction in decipline way and they always helpful for move in long term period and achived overall objective of the business. ethical direction is not driven from the top of an organization, no amount of legislation will change the way individuals or companies approach their business affairs. Companies take ethical issues off the back burner Friday, June 13, 2003 Houston Business Journal by Thora Qaddumi Ethics, diversity, and team-building should be main ingredients in the strategic planning recipe, rather than ideas taken out of context, left simmering and served as an afterthought in the organization. They can help to make strategy plan to remove the problem of department and move in a direction. This is knowing right from wrong and trying to pursue a good life and aspiring to something better in the organization. Ethical companies help employees avoid the near occasion Friday, June 13, 2003 Houston Business Journal by Randal Breaux Furthermore, a persons ethical standards sometimes slip with changing conditions in his personal life. An employee that develops a gambling problem after he has been hired may not make the same decisions as he did when he was interviewed. No selection process can overcome the simple fact that employees are human, and when humans have powerful incentives both financial and non-financial to cheat, some inevitably will. Organizations that are truly committed to maintaining high ethical standards must do more than tell employees to just say no despite often-powerful temptations; they must take responsibility for managing this temptation. Boardrooms facing ethical issues in executive compensation plans Friday, June 13, 2003 Houston Business Journal by Brent Longnecker and Chris Crawford To make her own image in the market through the help of take decision about given dividend and so many schemes which is launched by the company to improved the goodwill image. And also the ethics given direction to executives how to make decisions by executive and top management of the department. Business ethics more than fashionable behaviour Friday, November 29, 2002 Houston Business Journal by Jim Eskin Every time the business behaviour is changes according to new trends and customer demands they easily changing her decision process through face to face communication. So many software are generated to take fast action and run without any stoppage. Making good ethics decisions means doing good business Friday, October 11, 2002 Houston Business Journal by Scott Clark On the basis of good reputation collecting right and important information collected easily. To analyze the market information which was very needed to take decisions regarding achieving the organizational goals. It helps to make good environment which are helpful from ethics. An ethics audit is essential for every type of business Friday, April 9, 2004 Houston Business Journal by Scott Clark The ethics helps to strong the finance and employees efficiency in the business. And personal ethical approach find her performance. When it comes to business, past skeletons in the closet may never go away. It helps to find the overall performance of business and knows that what factors to improving the goals and achieved objectives.

Human Domination :: Essays Papers

Human Domination Humans have changed nature in many ways since their existence on the earth. Some of these changes were good, but many were not. People have made the world easier for themselves to live in, but harder for other animals. In â€Å"Buffalo Gals, Won’t You Come Out Tonight† by Ursula Le Guin, the main theme was the domination of the world by the human race. Gal experienced firsthand how the animals lived before the humans took over. Chickadee explained to her â€Å"When we lived together it was all one place. But now the new people (humans) live apart. They weigh down on our place, they press on it, draw it, suck it, eat it, eat holes in it, crowd it out†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Le Guin 43) Myra also saw how humans had forced the animals into isolation. She saw the wickedness of human nature when the farmers shot at Coyote on sight, and then set a trap to poison her. Since the Neolithic Revolution, humans have domesticated animals. The positive effects of this are that the animals are fed and kept clean. Despite this, the animals must sacrifice their freedom as wild creatures. For example, cows were kept and bred to provide milk, food, and clothing. Chickens must live in small coops and lay eggs; only to have their babies stolen from them and cooked for breakfast. Horses are forced to bare a human’s weight on their backs, and carry the human where he or she pleases. In â€Å"Buffalo Gals† Horse said that his kind were used to bring the â€Å"new people† to the animals’ land (Le Guin 37). These domesticated animals had no free will and were virtually slaves to humans throughout history. Animals today can be trained for specific tasks, such as a Seeing Eye dog or a talking parrot. Dogs are kept by homeowners for protection and used by law enforcement to sniff out drugs or bombs. This type of human-animal relationship onl y benefits the people; the animals’ abilities are just being taken advantage of. Another form of domestication is the pet. Humans have kept pets for many years and the pets are usually better cared for than a cow or flock of chickens. One reason is to train the animal for a specific task, such as a Seeing Eye dog or a talking parrot. Another reason to keep a pet is companionship. Someone who is lonely or disturbed may find emotional comfort in owning and taking care of an animal.

Does CSR Help or Hinder a Company’s Performance?

Task 4: (582 words) Write a literature review for â€Å"Does CSR (corporate social responsibility) help or hinder a company’s performance? † This literature review explores the state of the art in corporate social innovation research. It briefly outlines the main themes in the corporate social responsibility (CSR) debate organizational legitimacy, moral choices, stakeholder interaction, sustainable development radical and user driven innovation. The paper then reviews the major objects of corporate social innovation singling out and eco innovations as key themes.It closes by analyzing how social innovation is enacted at each of the four levels discussed in the first part. The debate about CSR has been said to have begun in the early 20th century, amid growing concerns about large corporations and their power. The ideas of charity and stewardship helped to shape the early thinking about CSR in the US (Saurabh Gaur, 2011) . Our work would like to verify, after a review of literature, by using panel data, if some performance indicators can be affected by the firms’ social responsible behavior and their certifications.The novelty of our analysis comes from its dynamic aspect and from the buildin g of a CSR index that intersects two of the three main international indices (Dow Jones Sustainability World Index, FTSE4Good Index,2011), in order to be objective and to have a representative sample. The main results seem to support the idea that the CSR firms are the more virtuous, having better performances in the long run. in reporting is clearly crucial whereby being transparent does not necessarily mean revealing everything as this can be counterproductive to the communication of the key message (Bebbington et al. 1999). Consequently, companies must decide how much information to disclose. Based on different stakeholders to needs whereby it is sometimes necessary to disclose information that puts the company in a bad light. The ample room for mano euvre in identifying significant impacts and prioritising them has been partly blamed for the little significance behind achieving formal public endorsement for CSR disclosure (Boiral, 20 09).This is where the concept of Corporate So cial Responsibility, (CSR) has developed and is beginning to enter into common lexical knowledge and is increasingly being used by academics and economists for the sustainability of economic development. As often happens when new terms are coined, they tend to lose their conceptual precision, leaving their evocative value which is however watered down by the multitude of different meanings and contexts in which it is used .However, if we are to say that CSR is necessary for corporate strategy, given the recent ness of the phenomena and absence of a well-defined and universally accepted certification method, at present CSR has certain major limitations which we would like to rectify, that is an objective benchmark rather than a mere marketing tool for th e public, the principal motivation and elements that push firms into ethical behavior and suitable certification.It is actually this second point that has given rise to a proliferation of articles concerning social certification (Ullman, 1985) that have still not shed light on the mot ivation that entices firms to bear the cost of certification or looked at the experimental performance of CSR firms. As a result, various performance measures have been adopted both on the market and in accountability that all give rather discordant result s. Corporate social responsibility is the commitment of businesses to contribute to sustainable economic development by working with employees, their families, the local community and society at large to improve their lives in ways that are good for business and for development† (Cavett-Goodwin, 2007). Therefore, our paper tries to give an answer to the questions explained above. References: — Global reporting initiative, Sustainability Reporting Initiatives [online] Available from :< http://www. globalreporting. org/ReportingFramework/G3Guidelines> [Accessed 15 July, 2010]. Tsoutsoura M. , 2004, â€Å"Corporate Social Responsibility and financial Perfor mance†, Center for Responsible Business, Working Paper Series, N. 7, University of Califor nia, Berkeley. – Academy of Management Review, Institute of Social and Ethical Accountability [online] Available from :< http://www. accountability. org/about-us/news/accountability-1/pharma-s-3imandate. html> [Accessed 11 may, 2010]. – Roberts C. , 1992, â€Å"Determinants of Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure: An Application of Stakeholder Theory†, Accounting, Organizations and Society, 17, 6, 595 – 612. World Business Council for Sustainable Development [online] Available from : [Accessed 15 October,2012]. – Donaldson T. , (1989), The Ethics of International Business, The Ruffin Ser ies in Business Ethics, Oxford University Press. – Sustainable investment , Ethical Investment Research and Information Service [online] Available from < http://www. eiris. org/managers/sustainable_investment. html> [Accessed 24 Jun, 2007]. – Cooperative Bank, Ethical Purchasing Index [online] Available from :[ Accessed 23 april,2005] TASK 6: (1073 words)The synthesized essay on: â€Å"Does CSR (corporate social responsibility) help or hinder a company’s performance? † Abstract The corporate social responsibility (CSR) is getting an increasingly important issue for economic agents all over the world. The development sustainable businesses need to implement their social responsibility. Though there is no detailed measurement available on the impact of these practices on business performance, CSR is believed to have a positive relationship with a company’s goodwill and also be a mean to a more profitable operation.The view that SCG should further integrate CSR programs into its business str ategies, broaden its CSR network to its various stakeholders, put more emphasis on environmental issues, and employ an efficient measurement mechanism for evaluating the impacts and benefits of its CSR programs . Introduction Reality shows that firms have recently been able to adapt to a changing world not only by developing economically but also socially and ethically. A firm’s aim remains based on a development strategy that not only favors’ its hareholders but also responds to all stakeholders involved either directly or indirectly in the production process. The social impact of big and small corporations is becoming a very important issue in business administration. A bad social impact, in fact, could increase the firm’s risk, could lead to wrong relationships with many stakeholders and could affect corporate reputation. This article presents some empirical evidence that aims to answer the following question: does CSR practice influence a company’s im age and reputation? Main body:Total Review of Related, Performance Measures and Corporate Social Responsibility Corporate Social Responsibility is getting an increasingly important issue for economic agents due to a new attention to all the aspects of firms activit ies and their relationship with stakeholders. In fact, firms with the attitude toward disclosure related to social responsibility activities appear to be able to develop and maintain better relationship with s takeholders in general Corporate Social Responsibility is a concept wit h a growing currency around the globe.It frequently overlaps with similar approaches such as cor porate sustainability, corporate sustainable development and corporate responsibility. Moreover, CSR has a wide range of potential meaning: it can be considered as the private sector’s way of integrating the economic, social, and environmental imperatives of its activities. We focus on two main characteristics of CSR: social welfare orientatio n and stakeholders’ relationship orientation.AS businesses have increased their adoption of corporate social responsibility practices, managers face growing pressure to justify the allocation of scarce firms resources and accurate measures of corporate social responsibility results are required. Because the corporate image and reputation have been considered as intangible assets and valuable resources a firm can use in order to differentiate itself from its competitors. The reputation is built over time as the result of complex interrelationships and exchanges between a company and its stakeholders.This complexity of interrelationships makes imitation difficult for competitors in the short term. The grand aggregation approach to corporate reputation loses substantial informational content unless multiple lists of stakeholders can be surveyed; this research will be conducted taking into account the perspectives of only two stakeholders. The rule contact by companies integrates social and environmental concerns in their business operations and in their interaction with their stakeholders on a voluntary basis.When you review each of these, they broadly agree that the definition now focuses on the impact of how you manage your core business. The increasing attention to CSR is firstly based on its capability to influence firm’s performance. The researches in this field examine how CSR can provide firms with an incremental gain. For example, researchers have considered purchase intentions, increased sales, enhanced image, and improved employees morale as benefits of CSR.In particular, regarding to this aspect, the literature consists of three principal strands: the existence of a positive correlation between CSR and financial results, the lack of correlation between CSR and Many studies about the relationship between CSR and performance have focused their attention over a variety of other important characteristics that can be possible causes of firmsâ €™ performance. Some researchers have studied the effect of firm’s dimension, industrial sector, age, leverage level and intangible expenditures. t is possible to assume that the biggest firms are able to have a behavior more responsible than the smallest ones. The biggest ones probably pay more attent ion to the relationship with external stakeholders. Moreover, the firm’s dimension affects the link between certification and performance: at the beginning firm’s strategies are focused on the basic survival and just when firm is increasing its dimension because it has crossed the trigger point of survival, it can begin to take care of ethical and philanthropic responsibilities.In the meantime firm’s dimension can be linked with financial performance through economies of scale . The financial result and the existence of a negative correlation between CSR and financial results. The commitment by business to behave ethically and to contribute to economic development while improving the qualit y of the life of the workforce and the families as well as the local community and society at large The CSR is a commitment to improving the well-being of a community through discretionary business practice and contribution of corporate resources. Ethical CSR is morally mandatory and goes beyond ulfilling a firm’s economic and legal obligations, to its ethical responsibilities to avoid harm or social injuries, even if the business might not appear to benefit from this. It may be to SCG advantage to let its CSR stakeholders take a greater role in developing and implementing its strategic CSR programs SCG may further benefit from establishing broader CSR networks with its employees, customers, business partners and with non-profit organizations. Conclusion The above results give first empirical evidence that in Italy firms stock prices are not affected by CSR reports even if firms show a greater attention to these issues.The possible expla nations of these results could be the following: CSR is a relatively new issue in Italy, and most investors have a low degree of perception of the matter; The quality of disclosure for CSR is not easily measurable; there is a lack of general accepted principles and most firms use CSR disclosure as an additional instrument of advertising, avoiding to give relevant information . Most investors are short-term oriented while CSR’s impact is mostly in the medium-long term. At the moment, the small number of firms in the sample is due to few CSR reports available.But, thanks to a greater attention to CSR issues, the sample could be enlarged soon. These aspects could be the main direction of further implementations of our work. References – KAPLAN, R and NORTON, Using the Balanced Scorecard as a Strategic Management System [online] Available from: < http://www. balancedscorecard. org> [Accessed 12 July, 2011). – Carroll A. B. , 1991, â€Å"Corporate Social Performance Measurement: A Commentary on Methods for Evaluating an Elusive Construct†, p. 385-401 in J. E. Post (ed. ), Research in Corporate Social Performance and Policy, vol. 12, Greenwich, CT: JAI. – Donaldson T. (1989), the Ethics of International Business, the Ruffin Ser ies in Business Ethics, Oxford University Press. – Cooperative Bank, Ethical Purchasing Index [online] Available from :[ Accessed 23 april,2005]. – Donaldson T. , (1989), the Ethics of International Business, The Ruffin Series in Business Ethics, Oxford University Press. – Global reporting initiative, Sustainability Reporting Initiatives [online] Available from :< http://www. globalreporting. org/ReportingFramework/G3Guidelines> [Accessed 15 July, 2010] TASK 7 ( 845 words) Compare and contrast how these 2 articles discuss the financial crisis:Abstract This subject is written to the accounting on changing the wrong direction when the debate about modern auditing practices. In the context of the current financial crisis shows that, there are certain similarities between the accounting scandals and the global crisis is expected. All this directly and indirectly affect society. Beside of that, the article also pointed out in different directions to struggle to overcome. Introductions The business landscape is changing all around the world. Advances in finance and technological improvements have accelerated the rate of changes dramatically.That due to the negative impact of different accounting should push certain risks, against the backdrop of increasing economic turbulence; this paper seeks to stimulate debates a bout the quality of auditing by examining the audit reports. Different parties such as; governments, firms, especially small investors are struggling to keep up with these changes. During of that The financial crisis and shows that a large nu mber of enterprises have collapsed within a short period after receiving unqualified audit reports, so the law makers and standard setting bodie s hysterically searched the possible solutions.Some of the accounting principles are changed to having good news or optimistic idea the y are considered as revolutionary. Body paragraphs Regulators and investors have traditionally relied upon corporate financial statements to make sense of bank liabilities, risks and economic exposure, but this has been highly problematic. An early estimate suggested that despite a raft of Attention has fo cused on auditors because of the belief that a green light from an auditor means that a company’s accounting practices have passed muster.Adverse â€Å"key financial ratios† are considered to be an indicator of going concern problems. The environment in which it operates also shows that auditors received considerable income from their audit clients, which may be very significant for regional offices managing the audit. The fee dependency and related advancement o f career can create conflict of interests. A uditors may argue that the financial crisis unfolded suddenly and they were thus ill-prepared to make judgments about the likely financial distress. The issuing of audit reports is subject to organizational and regulatory politics.Auditors may be reluctant to qualify bank accounts for fear of creating panic or jeopardizing their liability position. We have reached the limits of conventional auditing technologies and ought to be considering alternative forms of accounting, disclosures and accountabilities. They are just publishing the financial analyses. This might mean; they are hiding the inputs and want the public to see only the result. the authorities do not give assurances regularly when the things go well but if there is a problem they usually ma kes public speeches to convince them.The social cost of the unfolding crisis is difficult to estimate, but vast amounts of public money are being used to prop-up distressed financial enterprises. For example, in addition to providing huge sums to stimulate banking liquidity. The UK auditing standards, closely aligned with international auditing standards, state that the â€Å"auditor’s procedures necessarily involve a consideration of the entity’s ability to continue in operational existence for the foreseeabl e future. Especially small investors are giving great importance to the financial media’s comments.Accounting is the methodology which provides measurements, statements or provisions of assurance about financial status concerning firm’s financial situations. Accounting can be described as â€Å"language of business â€Å"because accounting information provides signals to end users, especially to investors. Usually their premiums are much higher than their salaries which are generally associated with the growth of the firm. This payment system encourages or even forces them to growth. Brokers are the mediators between the buyers and the sellers.In every transaction they earn c ertain amount of commission. Even though they have certain amount of fixed income their main source of income comes from the transactions. There is an inherent conflict of interest bet ween auditor and client relations. Auditors prepare auditing reports for external users: investors, government etc. , but audit fee is paid by the client: audited company. This price would be correct and even overvalued; t here could be even further decline in the price. This station is called value trap. If the investor buys the stock, he is caught by the trap.Finally models explaining valuation of currencies such as purchasing power parity, fisher effect and international fisher effect could not be put into practice accurately because of statistical deficiencies. Conclusion The deep of financial crisis raises questions about the role and value of the independent audit. Besides that, the Markets do not seem to have been assured by unqualified audit opinions and many financial institutions either coll apsed, that had to be bailed out within a short period of receiving unqualified audit opinions.Thought out that on any independent inquiry into the role of auditing, especially at financial institutions, would help to highlight the shortcomings of the current practices. However, there are remedies for audit industry has mediated previous crises by revising auditing standards and codes of ethics and the early signs are that the same strategies will be deployed again. So on the restrictions and the consequences will be improved over time through economic struggles.

Computer Technology Essay Sample

Computer Technology Essay Sample Free sample essay on Computer Technology: Since the beginning of time technology has helped us out as a human race. From the invention of the wheel to the Internet, technology has been a great factor on the way our civilization has grown. With more and more technological advances just around the corner, our civilization will continue to grow faster and faster than ever before. Computers make life easier for people everyday. They help us to do tasks quicker and communicate with friends and family with the click on a button. Computers play a significant role in the school system as well. They help students to learn more efficiently and help them do their work. Computers offer the Internet which helps students research information for projects they may have. School computers also offer programs which can help anyone learn. An example of this is the program All The Right Type. This program helps students as well as teachers, to learn how to type faster and more efficiently. Also there are other programs which younger students can go on to help them with developing and reinforcing their math skills and reading skills. Programs like Math Circus and matching the word with the picture. Programs like these make it easy to understand and use computers, yet it also makes learning fun. Computers also make writing and doing homework easier to complete. With spell check and other spelling tools, it makes it easier and faster to complete work. This is because you are not spending all your time going through your homework looking for spelling mistakes, because the computer automatically does it for you, making your life easier. Further, Computers also benefit the development of fundamental skills. Good educational software enables children to practice and develop a broad range skills. It can help them learn, for example, about shapes, letters, numbers, rhythm, and colors. Good educational software can also help children develop their understanding of cause and effect, procedural thinking, higher order problem solving and creative expression. (www.indianchild.com) Many students have become to reliable on computers however. Many children come to libraries to access the computers and CD-ROMs rather than to read. Though such computer activities are purported to be educational, there is a fundamental difference between the skills used in reading versus those used to engage in an interactive CD-ROM. Librarians as well as teachers, should guide as many children as possible towards the text books rather than the computer. Emotional skills are also enhanced by using a computer. Children develop self-confidence and s elf-esteem as they master computer skills and use the computer to make things happen. Computers also develop social skills. In a classroom setting with many other students, or in a home when the students friends or parents are available, children often prefer working with one or two partners over working alone, which leads to the development of social skills. Lastly, computers benefit children with special needs in the school system. Computers have proven extremely beneficial to students with certain speech, audio, and motor limitations. Students with special needs can use alternative input and output devices to interact with computers and do things that they normally could not accomplish independently. What they can do through using a computer boosts their self-esteem and provides them with a greater sense of control with the world around them and their own individual lives. The Internet or the information highway provides them with the best of knowledge for their treatments and they can keep in touch with doctors or friends through out the world with the Internet. (www.indianchild.com) Computer technology will continue to assist special needs students far into the future. In conclusion, technology only benefits those who can afford it, and not those who cant. What are poor people or third world countries supposed to do when it comes to technological advances and they have no money? Does it really seem fair that poor people or third world countries get left behind, while other countries move forward in the technology world? You can order a custom essay, term paper, research paper, thesis or dissertation on Computer Technology at our professional custom essay writing service which provides students with custom papers written by highly qualified academic writers. High quality and no plagiarism guarantee! Get professional essay writing help at an affordable cost.

Cuban Missile Crisis essays

Cuban Missile Crisis essays The Americans gained control of Cuba in the late nineteenth century and by 1950 supported a shady regime under Fulgencio Batista, who took control of Cuba by force in 1933. By the late 50s, the Americans controlled the Cuban economy. Fed up with Batistas corrupt regime, Fidel Castro, a lawyer with a liberal national background, organized a coup and seized the Cuban government. Once in power, Castro nationalized the US owned companies in Cuba, destroying relations with the Americans. By 1960, the US stopped buying Cuban sugar and Castro signed a trade agreement with the U.S.S.R. in which the U.S.S.R. agreed to buy all of Cubas sugar and to provide aid. Already, signs of bitterness between the two superpowers were building up and by 1961 the U.S. broke off all diplomatic relations with Cuba. In April of 1961, President Kennedy offered a military base in Guatemala to Cuban exiles and the C.I.A. to reinvade Cuba and recapture it. The Bay of Pigs, as it was called, was a huge embarrassment for the United States as none of the Cuban patriots made it ashore. Shortly thereafter Castro announced that Cuba was a Marxist state. The separation with the USA was complete. During the spring of 1962, the U.S.S.R. decided to deploy missiles in Cuba. Since the Soviet Union was behind in the space race, Khrushchev, the soviet leader, believed that if he could get away with putting missiles in Cuba, he could equalize the strategic situation with that of the US. Cuba and the U.S.S.R. also feared an invasion by the US. Since the Bay of Pigs was a failed attempt, the Cubans and Russians believed that another invasion would soon follow. Lastly, Khrushchev believed that if he put missiles next door to the US, the US would dismantle their missiles in Turkey. U-2 spy planes in August, 1962 saw and photographed Russian surface to air missiles in Cuba. President Kennedy, informed of these missiles, had three choices: a di...

The Renaissance and its origin in Italy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Renaissance and its origin in Italy - Essay Example Theorists have often argued that the Fall of Constantinople, followed by the mass exodus of scholars from Constantinople, to escape the persecution of the Ottoman Turks, to Italy was what kicked off the Renaissance. The Renaissance, one might say was not a new phenomenon in as far as it led only to a revival of interest in the classics of antiquity. This is true since the vast resources that were brought from the famous libraries of Constantinople were what formed the majority of the work that was worked upon. Brought to other parts of Europe, these manuscripts were welcomed and greedily devoured by local scholars. The effect of this can be seen in the works of writers and painters of the period, among other scholars. Dante Alighieri, who in his work Divina Commedia (The Divine Comedy in English), shows the influences of classical platonic ideas along with Islamic theories testifies to the above-mentioned theory. Painters like Leonardo da Vinci too, in paintings like â€Å"The Vitru vian Man† display influences of works of antiquity. What then, is new about the Renaissance? Texts that were brought to the European mainland underwent a re-interpretation that threw up possibilities that were never thought of before.

Public Policy TrendsWK5 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Public Policy TrendsWK5 - Research Paper Example DOT agencies dealing with the given transport system created will hence try to oversee the project so as to ensure transparency (2012). This concept entails project management of projects they have been assigned to work on (DOT, 2012). It is the responsibility of DOT to ensure projects are carried to the later to ensure they meet the satisfaction of the state administrators and county managers since they represent the interests of the people in that given state or county (DOT, 2012). In addition, DOT often works together with state administrators to come up with long term beneficial plans for the given state (DOT, 2012). The planning of a better transport system is a function of DOT and collaborates with state administrators so as to ensure their projects are their success (DOT, 2012). In matters of development that entails transportation, it is up to state administrators to consult with DOT in order to come up with plans that may suit their needs (DOT, 2012). For any planning process to be successful, information about the given state has to be collected and evaluated (DOT, 2012). This can only be possible with the help of county managers or state administrators (DOT, 2012). Since the main function of DOT is to provide quality transport systems to the people, they have to work conjointly with state administrators to ensure the dreams of the people are met (DOT, 2012). It is the state administrators or the county managers that represent the needs of the people, while the DOT carries out instructions regarding development conveyed to it by the state administrators (DOT, 2012). The DOT also advises state administrators on various changes transportation needs to be improved (2012). It is then up to state administrators to initiate policies that advance transportation area (DOT, 2012). For instance, DOT might notice a gap on the basis of a need of building a new road or run way in

Apples Supply Chain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Apples Supply Chain - Essay Example Apple’s supply chain management is under strict surveillance. The production and management of the product is checked at every point by the designers and the authorities. The designers of Apple’s I-Phone work closely with their suppliers so that they can control them. They work with the suppliers and the manufacturers all through the production procedure so that they can have a close look at every minute detail of the goods. On the other hand, some electronics manufacturers deploy the entire industrial process of the supply chain into the hands of the third party service provider like Solectron or Flextronics (Nahmias and Olsen, 2015).One of the distinguishing features of Apple Inc. is that it invests huge sum of money in the creativity and design of its I-phone. They make sure that they have acquired licenses and made acquisitions of technology firms beforehand so that they can use their products in its series of goods and services. They also supervise market research and conducts product-testing to upgrade their products with the aim of achieving higher profit. Quality defects of the items are identified and plans are sketched out to minimize the danger of quality degradation. Apple Inc. stands first when it comes to branding. So to maintain its uniqueness, it spends massively in its Research and Development (Satariano, Burrows, 2011).Since it focuses solely on the innovation of its products, it misses out with increasing the number of features in its devices. Dell has a number of configurations.

Wireless videophones Essay Example for Free

Wireless videophones Essay Wireless videophones and high-speed Internet access are a reality with the worlds first Third Generation mobile serviced, which were launched on October 1st 2001 by NTT DoCoMo in Tokyo, Japan. These has symbolized that human had enter a new era in mobile network technology. Facing with the ever advancing technologies, mobile network had integrated deep into our daily life style, cater for the needs to interact between friends and business organizations in a more effective, efficient and convenient way. At this moment, as we are discussing, there is a lot of network companies busily preparing for 3G or the Third Generation in mobile telephone devices. The precursors to this technology had began and entered the markets in year 2001 and 3G itself is due to have proliferated in the earnest by 2005. Singapore Telco, Singtel had announced a trail on the 3G network within CBD area at the last quarter of 2003. If 3G delivers what the developers promise, by 2004 we can look at broadband speeds via our mobile phones, plus a variety of new generation mobile devices that combine PC, PDA, camera, you name it, functionality. With 3G, data speeds will reach upwards of 2 Megabits per second (Mbps), which will give us high speed Web access and superlative quality video access via our trusty mobile communication devices. 3G also promises roaming capability throughout Europe, Asia and North America. 3G devices will deliver all that GPRS (General Packet Radio Services) can do, except a whole lot faster. Just imagine, how about catching up with that important client who never has time for a face to face meeting when hes in a taxi on his way to an airport at the other side of the globe? Consider watching your favourite television programmes on the MRT on your way home from work. How about consider connecting to your network, downloading files, transferring data, zipping off an email? With transfer speeds of more than 2 Mbps, tasks like these can be completed within seconds. Nokias concept team, for example, are currently considering four different categories for their 3G terminals: Â  Communicators These would be business tools, allowing users to quickly and efficiently log onto their networks, transfer information, wrote emails and synchronise information with conventional PC devices. Media phones These would perhaps give access to Internet services and include Personal Information Management, audio and data functions. Â  Imaging phones Sending of photos and video clips to our friends on the other side of the world within seconds. Â  Entertainment phones How about playing a game with friend at the other side of the globe. Or sending your distributor teams a video clip of your new office? To introduce, switch or implement a new technology can never be an easy task. It involved a lot of technology know how, equipments and researches. The bottom line is, a huge sum of money will be required. Take for example, other than GPRS technology, some other technology will be required to kick off the 3G network system. One of them is WCDMA, or Wideband Code Division Multiple Access, a wideband radio technique providing high data rates, and EDGE, or Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution, a high-speed modulation technique that triples the capacity of GPRS. The various networks have spent a lot of money on this technology and will spend even more before the services are launched. In UK mobile networks have paid (22 billion just to use the required radio spectrum. According to Gartnet Dataquests survey in May 2002, Singapore will spend an estimate of US$19. 9 million in 2003 and US$102. 9 million in 2004 on the WCDMA infrastructure alone. That is not all, according to reports from Europe and Japan, which had started the 3G networking, had been under a lot of criticize. Most of their problems were mainly from the handsets and the network integration. Those countries in the preparation for the 3G launch had been very cautious on the setup. Europe and Japan experience will serve as a guidance for their future operation. Introduction. 3G wireless networks are capable of transferring data at high speeds of up to 384Kbps. Average speeds for 3G network will range between 64Kbps and 384Kbps, quite a jump when compared to common wireless data speeds in the U. S that are often slower than a 14. 4Kb modem. 3G is considered high speed or broadband mobile Internet access, and as time to come, 3G networks are expected to reach speeds of more than 2Mbps. In order to know the evolution of 3G, it might be interesting to get an idea on the history on the revolution of mobile networking . History of Mobile Networking System First Generation (1G). The first generation of mobile cellular telecommunications system appeared in the 1980s. The first generation was not the beginning of mobile communication, as there were several mobile radio networks in existence before then, but they are not cellular systems. The capacity of those early networks was much lower than that of mobile networks. And the support for mobility was weak. In mobile cellular networks the coverage area is divided into small cells, and thus the same frequencies can be used several times in the network without disturbing interference. This increase the system capacity. The first generation used analog transmission techniques for traffic, which was almost entirely voice. There was no dominant standard but several competing ones. The most successful standards were Nordic(TACS), and Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS). Note that although the world is now busy moving into 3G networks, these first-generation networks, and many existing networks are growing. First Generation networks ( Extract from Introduction To 3G Mobile Communication) System Countries TACS/ETACS Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, China, Hong Kong, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Kuwait, Macao, Malaysia, Malta, Philippines. Singapore, Spain, Sri Lanka, UAE, UK AMPS Argentina, Australia, Bangladesh, Brazil, Brunei, Burma, Cambodia, Canada, China, Georgia, Guam, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Mexico, Mongolia, Nauru, New Zealand, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Russia, Singapore, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkmenistan, USA, Vietnam, Western Samoa Second Generation (2G), 2G evolve in the year 1991, in Finland. Second generation mobile network system use digital radio transmission. Thus the boundary line between first and second generation systems is obvious: it is the analog/digital split. The second generation networks have much higher capacity than the first generation systems. One frequency channel is simultaneously divided among several users (either by code or time division). Hierarchical cell structures- in which the service area is covered by macro and picocells enhance the system capacity even further. There are four main standards for second-generation systems,: Global System for Mobile ( GSM ) communications and its derivatives, Digital AMPS (D-AMPS), Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA {IS-95}) and Personal Digital Cellular (PDC) GSM uses the 900-MHz band is by far the most successful and widely used 2G system. PDC was eventually adopted by Japan. Generation 2. 5 (2. 5G), 2. 5G is a designation that broadly includes all advanced upgrades for the second generation networks. These upgrades may in fact sometimes provide almost same capabilities as the planned 3G systems. The boundary line between 2G and 2. 5G is a hazy one. It is difficult to say when a 2G becomes a 2. 5G system in a technical sense. When the wireless industry realized that it was going to be costly and technologically challenging to upgrade to 3G networks, 2. 5G emerged as an interim stage. These networks transfer data at speeds of up to 114Kbps, which is faster than traditional digital (2G) network. They are always on. A phone with 2. 5G services can alternate between using nets, sending or receiving test messages, and making calls without losing its connection to the Internet and email. Analysis of 3G Technology In the old days, when all phones were fixed rather than mobile, making a call involved establishing a direct electrical connection between your handset and the one you were calling. The same happens with 2G and 2. 5G networks, but instead of setting up a dedicated circuit, a small portion of the airwaves are reserved for your call. This is a really bad way of dividing up the available airwaves because it means that the spaces and pauses in speech get the same priority as the words. 3G networks change all this. Instead of reserving airspace each conversation is chopped up into packets, each one of which is labelled with a code denoting which dialogue it is from. The wireless literate generation of today (aged 12 35) provides a snapshot of tomorrows society and its drivers. The new generation is creating new usage patterns in favour of messaging and visual content. For them, messaging e. g SMS text messaging is the most natural way of personal communication. Instant communication is about being able to create and consume content (greetings, notes, snapshots/ postcards, moving pictures, instant voicemail) on the fly, and about filling transit moments with meaningful experiences. The mobile phone has become a personal trusted device that is capable of life management and enrichment, thanks to higher data rates and evolutionary user interfaces that have increased the simplicity and usability of terminals. Traditionally the major service has been voice but there has been an evolutionary step in 3G from Short Messaging Service (SMS) to 3GPP defined Multimedia Messaging, incorporating digital images and video clips with text or voice annotations. Industry analysts estimate that vendors are currently allocating from $200 billion in research and development resources to specify, design and manufacture infrastructure for evolving 3G networks. Of the 3G licenses currently awarded, more than 90 percent of those operators have specified WCDMA as their core 3G technology. Observers point out that, given this expected dominance of WCDMA as the 3G standard, this technology will undoubtedly receive the majority of RD funding and will yield the earliest, most extensive and most reliable product availability. What is WCDMA? WCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiplex Access (WCDMA) is the radio frequency technology indicated for all UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication Services) networks, and WCDMA is widely expected to be the dominant technology for 3G networks worldwide. WCDMA supports high capacity, multiple simultaneous services and bit-rate performance of up to 2Mbit/s. But as a wideband (5 MHz channels) technology, WCDMA presents deployment challenges when implemented on narrow frequency allocations. When evaluating WCDMA infrastructure, operators should consider system solutions that provide well-established Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)-compatibility and that the resource allocation capabilities follow UMTS traffic class guidelines and Quality of Service attributes, allowing operators to optimize service differentiation. Modular designs allow these solutions to scale quickly to meet escalating network traffic demands. These same design advantages will allow these WCDMA solutions to be adapted to meet the demand for location-based services, personalized messaging and packet data traffic volumes that will define the coming wireless IP networks. These advanced WCDMA systems will also support seamless integration with GSM networks. 3G Concepts And Technology for Business 3G will be primarily driven by services and applications, not technology, although technologies such as Java, WAP, Bluetooth, SynchML and IPv6 have enabled third party application developments to meet users end-to-end service needs and expectations. The Mobile Internet will bring an explosion in the number of new applications a 3G hypermarket of services creating new marketing and revenue channels. Few business leaders are likely to turn down an opportunity to get an extra 10% of productivity from their mobile workforces, especially if it only costs a fraction of the reward. Third-generation (3G) wireless networks could facilitate this kind of return on investment (ROI) by extending desktop business-application, database, and intranet access into the mobile environment. 3G is an improvement over current networks, which deliver data and voice at no more than double the speed of dialup modems. The 3G infrastructure will eventually be able to transmit text, voice, video, and multimedia to a mobile handset with an always-on connection that is five times faster than a dialup modem. Initially, data-transfer rates may only equal todays dialup modem speeds, but that is still fast enough to make wireless service attractive to businesses seeking efficiency gains. Japans NTT DoCoMo turned on the worlds first 3G network in October 2001. Other mobile operators are conducting 3G trials in the United States and Europe, with plans to go live this year. The challenges include the complexity and costs of upgrading carrier networks and telephone handsets to handle 3G multimedia transmissions. Companies that adopt 3G networking for their mobile workforces within the next two years should expect limited coverage areas and the typical problems associated with any emerging technology. IDC recommends that company executives seeking 3G wireless connectivity should decide exactly why they want the service and pinpoint the efficiency points they need in order to recoup their investment costs in less than two years. Early adopters should measure the specific benefits of connecting mobile employees-reduced paperwork, faster collection of customer data, higher accuracy-and know which group of mobile employees will get the service first and why. In Europe, if an operator does not move fast into wireless data (3G) then the market will start to move without it threatening disintermediation for the laggards. At such, licences of the wideband connection, which carry new content-rich data and video-streaming services, cost up to US$10 billion in Italy and $45 billion in Germany respectively. (Source : Global Telecoms Business magazine). In both Japan and Korea, there is also a significant raise in the subscription in 3G mobile usage, stimulating the economic movement in the countries. In what ways can 3G networks be applied ? Application and Advantages, Multimedia Messaging Multimedia Messaging Service, or MMS, is a messaging service for the mobile environment standardized by the WAP Forum and 3GPP. For consumers, MMS is very similar to Short Message Service (SMS): it provides automatic, immediate delivery of user-created content sent primarily from phone to phone. MMS also provides support for email addressing, so messages can be sent to email. In addition to text, an MMS message sent to or from the Nokia 6650 phone can contain still images, voice or audio clips, and video. An MMS message is a multimedia presentation in one entity; it is not a text file with attachments. MMS delivers a location independent, total communication experience and is a simple, logical extension of SMS, also providing a similarly solid and reliable platform on which the operator can build additional services and increase service differentiation. Rich Call Rich call is an audio conversation supported by concurrent access to an image or data and allows users to not only listen to what I say but also see what I mean. Multiple simultaneous media types such as messaging, voice and video games can be started and ended independently but without the need to obtain the information first and then call back. Mobile Internet Mobile Internet is not just todays internet accessed from a mobile device (although it will of course still be possible,) but instead applications will provide users with personalised, context dependent and interworking applications. The scope of these services will cover areas such as information, entertainment, travel and personal information management. Many will be wholly or partly sponsored by advertisers, be location aware and have mCommerce integration. Multimedia streaming and downloading In 3G, enhanced bandwidth capabilities and advanced terminals enable video and audio, either real time or near real time or download. Eg, two way video conferencing with audio, video streaming. Streaming Media Services Audio streaming (eg MP3) is seen as the first widespread mainstream service to generate revenue through increased data traffic, attracting well off, music consuming and impatient twenty to thirty something generation consumers to subscribe to higher Quality of Service access. Although these services are available, to some extent, through 2. 5G terminals and networks, the bandwidth vs capacity evolution suggests that the real enabler for mass market service is WCDMA radio access. Streaming alleviates the need for a large memory resource in the terminal since only a small sample of the video or music data resides there at any one time. Copyright is also less of an issue because at no time is the entire data stored in the device. Entertainment There are two types of entertainment passive and interactive (games and media ie TV. ) Users will be able to connect to online multi platform gaming experiences or download, try out and purchase games. Handsets will allow inter operability though WAP, GPRS, Java and Symbian OS, making play possible across handset manufacturers. 3G Problems and Disadvantages, As we have mentioned earlier on, 3G is not flawless. Japan NTT was hit with the lack of delicated applications written for broadband speeds of 384 Kbps and handsets were designed for voice-centric application. Many people had to carry 2 handsets to ensure national coverage. Handset Problems, all the extra tasks will put something of a burden on the handset. At the moment screens on phones are small, they are difficult to type or get data into and they typically only work with one mobile phone technology.